GeriQBank · Topic
Urinary incontinence, prostate disease and urinary infection.
Set 3 or more times
treatment. 15 MARKS RECURS High-Yield Points A. Definition and Burden Definition: Urinary incontinence (UI) is the involuntary loss of urine that is objectively demonstrable, in an amount or frequency sufficient to be a social and/or…
Set twice
This question overlaps Question 1; the classification and treatment framework there applies. The points below are weighted towards reversible causes and diagnosis, which is what this phrasing is testing, and include faecal incontinence,…
LUTS in older men are grouped as storage (frequency, urgency, nocturia, urgency incontinence), voiding (hesitancy, weak or intermittent stream, straining, terminal dribble, incomplete emptying) and post-micturition (post-void dribble,…
Recurrent UTI is ≥2 culture-proven symptomatic episodes in 6 months or ≥3 in 12 months. Distinguish relapse (same organism within 2 weeks — suggests an unresolved focus such as prostatitis, stone or abscess) from reinfection (different…
Behavioural interventions are the recommended first-line treatment for geriatric urinary incontinence, because they are non-invasive, free of drug side-effects and non-specific — patients with stress and urgency incontinence respond…
Long-term (chronic) catheterisation is an indwelling catheter in place for 30 days or more; short-term is under 30 days. Three basic types of catheter are used in incontinence management: external (condom) catheters, intermittent…
Set once
The symptom triad — frequency (>8 voids/24 h), nocturia (≥2 voids at night) and involuntary leakage for 6 months — is persistent incontinence with an irritative (storage) symptom profile, i.e. most likely urgency incontinence /…
15–20% of men above 65 years have some degree of urinary incontinence — roughly half the female rate, but rising steeply with age, frailty and institutionalisation. OAB symptoms are reported by about 40% of men aged ≥75, most of whom…
Aim: relieve bothersome symptoms, prevent progression (acute retention, need for surgery) and preserve bladder and renal function — treatment is guided by symptom severity, degree of bother, risk of progression and patient preference.…
Definition: a symptom syndrome whose hallmark is urinary urgency, usually with frequency (>8 voids/24 h) and nocturia, with or without urgency incontinence, in the absence of infection or other obvious pathology. OAB "wet" = with…
Objective: to restore a normal pattern of voiding and continence after removal of an indwelling catheter, or in patients recovering from over-distension injury, acute retention, or post-stroke voiding dysfunction. Distinguish the terms.…
Why first-line: behavioural interventions are non-invasive, free of drug toxicity, and non-specific — patients with stress and with urgency incontinence respond about equally well — and are therefore recommended by guidelines as the…
Definition: uroflowmetry (urine flowmetry) is a non-invasive urodynamic test that measures the rate of urine flow over time during a spontaneous void, recorded by a uroflowmeter as a flow-versus-time curve. Principle: urine flows when…
Nature: PSA is a serine protease (kallikrein-3) produced by prostatic epithelial cells; its physiological role is to liquefy semen. It is organ-specific but not cancer-specific. Reference value: the widely used cut-off is 4.0 ng/mL.…
treatment. 15 MARKS High-Yield Points A. Definitions and Importance Obstructive uropathy is structural or functional obstruction to urine flow anywhere from the renal calyces to the external urethral meatus. When it causes renal…
General rule: catheters should be avoided in the management of incontinence unless specific indications are present. Indwelling catheterisation remains substantially overused in acute hospitals. Three types of catheterisation: external…
management. 7 MARKS High-Yield Points Definitions: catheter-associated bacteriuria is almost universal with long-term catheters and is usually asymptomatic and polymicrobial. CAUTI is bacteriuria plus signs or symptoms attributable to…
Principle: urinary tract infection in a male is, by convention, complicated. Contemporary practice replaces the term "acute prostatitis" with male urinary tract infection, managed as a "urinary infection at risk of complication". A…
UTI is the most common infection in the elderly, and is especially frequent in debilitated and institutionalised individuals; it is the commonest source of bacteraemia in older adults. Uncomplicated UTI occurs in a structurally and…
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is inexorably linked with ageing and is a major contributing factor in the development of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS); the prevalence of BPH-related symptoms may be as high as 50% in multinational…
Primary source: Pathy's, 6th ed.; Essentials of Clinical Geriatrics, 7th ed. The biggest controversy in prostate screening is that some prostate cancers grow slowly and would never cause any problems. Because of an elevated PSA, men may…