Revision grid · Paper III
Paper III — Continence and urology
The author's own summary for this section of the source document, where it follows the answer to Recommendations for treatment of complicated urinary tract infection in males.
RAPID REVISION
Night-Before Master Sheet — Numbers, Mnemonics and Traps Numbers Worth Memorising Parameter Value UI prevalence >65 years Women ~1 in 3 · Men 15–20% · Nursing homes 60–80% OAB symptoms at ≥75 years Women ~30% · Men ~40% Normal bladder capacity / first urge / 300–600 mL / 150–300 mL / <15 cm H₂O filling pressure Frequency / nocturia definitions >8 voids per 24 h · ≥2 voids at night Abnormal post-void residual >200 mL Abnormal peak urine flow Qmax <10 mL/s on a voided volume >150 mL Intermittent catheterisation 2–4 times daily; keep bladder volume <400 mL IPSS / AUA-SI severity Mild 0–7 · Moderate 8–19 · Severe 20–35 5-α-reductase inhibitor Gland >30–40 mL · up to 30% volume reduction · 3–6 months to act · halves PSA MTOPS — reduction in acute retention Combination 66% · α-blocker 39% · 5-ARI 34% PSA Cut-off 4.0 ng/mL; 25% of cancers below it; 6 months to normalise after UTI Prompted voiding response 25–40% of nursing-home residents; identified by a 3-day trial Bladder retraining schedule On waking · 2-hourly day/evening · before bed · 4-hourly at night Male UTI diagnostic threshold ≥10³ CFU/mL with leukocyturia ≥10⁴/mL CAUTI attribution / treatment duration 70–80% of hospital UTIs catheter-related · 7 days prompt response, 10–14 days delayed Fibre for constipation 4–6 g/day of crude fibre Mnemonics
DRIP — Delirium · Restricted mobility/Retention · Infection, Inflammation, Impaction · Polyuria, Pharmaceuticals
DIAPPERS — Delirium · Infection · Atrophic vaginitis · Pharmaceuticals · Psychological · Excess urine output · Restricted mobility · Stool impaction
A-5-C-A-P (BPH medical therapy) — Alpha-blocker · 5-ARI · Combination · Anticholinergic/ β3 · PDE-5 inhibitor
AIMS (CAUTI bundle) — Avoid · Insert aseptically · Maintain closed system · Stop early
PROSTATE (male UI causes) — Prostatic obstruction · Radiotherapy/Radical prostatectomy
Overactive bladder · Stricture · Tumour · Autonomic neuropathy · Toxins/drugs · Environment Ten Traps That Cost Marks
Saying ageing causes incontinence — it only predisposes.
Omitting the post-void residual from the basic evaluation.
Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in a catheterised or stable institutionalised patient.
Prescribing oral rather than topical oestrogen.
Adding an antimuscarinic in a man without checking the residual (DHIC and retention).
Forgetting that 5-α-reductase inhibitors halve PSA.
Missing that chronic obstructive uropathy causes polyuria, not oliguria.
Forgetting post-obstructive diuresis after relieving chronic retention.
Measuring PSA during an acute male urinary tract infection.
Using a catheter, condom drainage or pads for convenience rather than for an indication. Prepared as an examination revision aid. Clinical decisions must always be individualised, and local antibiograms and institutional protocols should guide antimicrobial choice.
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